Degenerative Myelopathy is a chronic condition characterized by the degeneration of the white matter in the spinal cord. This white matter is responsible for transmitting signals between the brain and the limbs. As the disease progresses, these signals are increasingly disrupted, leading to loss of coordination, muscle weakness, and eventually paralysis.

DM typically affects dogs between the ages of 8 and 14. It is considered an autoimmune disease, meaning the dog’s immune system mistakenly attacks its own nervous tissue. Although DM can occur in several breeds, German Shepherds are one of the most commonly affected.

Causes and Risk Factors

The primary cause of DM is a genetic mutation in the SOD1 gene. This gene mutation is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner, meaning a dog must inherit two copies of the mutated gene (one from each parent) to be at risk of developing the disease. However, not all dogs with two copies of the mutation will develop symptoms.

Environmental factors and additional genetic predispositions may also contribute to the disease’s onset and progression.

Symptoms of Degenerative Myelopathy

The early signs of DM often mimic other orthopedic conditions, such as hip dysplasia. Common symptoms include:

• Hind limb weakness: Difficulty standing up, wobbling, or dragging the back feet.
• Loss of coordination: The dog may appear unsteady, particularly on slippery surfaces.
• Knuckling: The dog’s back paws may flip under so that it walks on the tops of its feet.
• Muscle atrophy: Progressive loss of muscle mass in the hindquarters.
• Urinary and fecal incontinence: As the disease progresses, bladder and bowel control may be lost.
• Paralysis: Eventually, the disease can cause complete hind limb paralysis.

It’s important to note that DM is not a painful condition, unlike many orthopedic diseases. However, the lack of pain does not diminish its severe impact on a dog’s quality of life.

Diagnosis

Diagnosing DM can be challenging since there is no definitive test for the condition. Instead, diagnosis is often made through a process of elimination. Veterinarians may use the following steps:

• Physical examination: Assessing gait, coordination, and reflexes.
• Imaging: X-rays and MRIs to rule out other conditions like herniated discs or spinal tumors.
• Genetic testing: Screening for the SOD1 gene mutation through a simple cheek swab.

Treatment and Management

Unfortunately, there is no cure for DM, and the disease is progressive. However, early diagnosis and proactive management can help maintain the dog’s quality of life.

Therapeutic Strategies:

• Physical therapy: Exercises such as hydrotherapy, assisted walking, and muscle massages can help maintain strength and mobility.
• Assistive devices: Harnesses and carts (wheelchairs) can help dogs remain mobile as their hind limbs weaken.
• Supplements: Some veterinarians recommend antioxidants, omega-3 fatty acids, and other supplements to support neurological health.
• Lifestyle modifications: Keeping floors non-slippery, maintaining a healthy weight, and providing good bedding can make daily life easier for affected dogs.

Preventative Measures

• Responsible breeding: Breeders should test for the SOD1 mutation and avoid breeding dogs that are carriers.
• Awareness: Educating potential puppy buyers about DM can help encourage responsible breeding practices.

Living with a Dog with DM

Caring for a German Shepherd with DM can be emotionally and physically demanding. Maintaining a positive outlook, seeking professional guidance, and connecting with support groups can be invaluable.

Despite its challenges, many owners find that dogs with DM remain happy and loving companions throughout much of the disease’s progression. Ensuring their comfort, dignity, and happiness can make all the difference.

Conclusion

Degenerative Myelopathy is a heartbreaking condition that German Shepherd owners and breeders should be aware of. While there is no cure, early detection and appropriate management can help maintain a dog’s quality of life for as long as possible. By understanding this disease and promoting responsible breeding practices, we can work toward reducing its impact on future generations of this beloved breed.